Clientelismo político y acción colectiva contenciosa: una relación recursiva.
Resumo
Basado en reanálisis etnográficos y en investigación cualitativa reciente sobre política popular, este trabajo sostiene que la política clientelista cotidiana y la acción colectiva no-cotidiana deberían ser estudiadas no como fenómenos políticos opuestos y contradictorios, sino como procesos dinámicos que, con frecuencia, establecen relaciones recursivas. Mediante una serie de estudios de caso llevados a cabo en la Argentina contemporánea,examinamos cuatro ejemplos en los que el clientelismo y la acción colectiva se entrecruzan e interactúan entre sí. Estos son: 1) colapso de la red; 2) validación patronal; 3) apoyo clandestino; y 4) reacción a la amenaza. Los cuatro escenarios demuestran que más que ser dos esferas de acción o dos modos diferentes de sociabilidad, el clientelismo y la política contenciosa pueden estar imbricados. Por medio de ejemplos, se muestra que tanto cuando falla como cuando prospera, el clientelismo puede residir en la raíz de la acción colectiva.Downloads
Referências
ABU-LUGHOD, Janet L. (2007) Race, Space, and Riots in Chicago, New York, and Los
Angeles. New York, Oxford University Press.
ALSINA, Griselda and Andrea CATENAZZI. (2002) Diagnóstico preliminar ambiental de
Moreno. Buenos Aires, Universidad de General Sarmiento.
ARIAS, E. D. (2006) Trouble en Route: Drug Trafficking and Clientelism in Rio de Janeiro Shantytowns. Qualitative Sociology 29:427-445.
ARMSTRONG, Elizabeth A. and Mary BERNSTEIN. (2008) Culture, Power, and Institutions: A Multi-Institutional Politics Approach to Social Movements. Sociological
Theory 26:74-99.
AUYERO, Javier. (2000) Poor Peoples Politics. Peronist Survival Networks & The Legacy of Evita. Durham & London, Duke University Press.
. (2003) Contentious Lives: Two Argentine Women, Two Protests, and the Quest
for Recognition. Durham & London, Duke University Press.
. (2007) Routine Politics and Violence in Argentina. The Gray Zone of State
Power. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
AUYERO, Javier and Tim MORAN. (2007) The Dynamics of Collective Violence: Dissecting Food Riots in Contemporary Argentina Social Forces. 85(3): 1341-1367.
BODEMAN, M. (1988) Relations of Production and Class Rule: The Hidden Basis of patron-Clientage in Barry WELLMAN and Stephen D. BERKOWITZ Social Structures: A
Network Approach. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 198-220.
BROADBENT, Jeffrey. (1998) Environmental Politics in Japan: Networks of Power and
Protest. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
BROADBENT, Jeffrey. (2003) Movement in Context: Thick Social Networks and Environmental Mobilization in Japan. In Social Movements and Networks: Relational
Approaches to Collective Action, M. DIANI and D. MCADAM, eds. New York, Oxford
University Press.
BRUSCO, V.; M. NAZARENO, and S. STOKES. (2004) Vote Buying in Argentina. Latin
American Research Review 39:66-88.
BURAWOY, Michael. (2003) Revisits: An Outline of a Theory of Reflexive Ethnography American Sociological Review 68(5): 646-679.
BURGWALD, Gerrit. (1995) Struggle of the Poor: Neighborhood Organization and Clientelist Practice in a Quito Squatter Settlement. Amsterdam, CEDLA.
BURT, Ronald. (2005) Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital. New
York, Oxford University Press.
CERRUTTI, Marcela and Alejandro GRIMSON. (2004) Buenos Aires, Neoliberalismo y Después. Cambios Socioeconómicos y Respuestas Populares. Princeton University,
CMD Working Paper #04-04d.
COSTALLAT, Karina. (1999) Efectos de las Privatizaciones y la Relación Estado Sociedad
en la Instancia Provincial y Local: El Caso Cutral Co - Plaza Huincul. Buenos Aires, INAP.
DIANI, M. and D. MCADAM. (2003) Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action. New York, Oxford University Press.
EMIRBAYER, Mustafa and Jeff GOODWIN. (1994) Network Analysis, Culture, and the
Problem of Agency, American Journal of Sociology 99(6): 1411-54.
EISENSTADT, Samuel. N. (1995) Power, Trust, and Meaning: EssayEISENSTADT, Samuel N. and Luis RONIGER. (1980) Patron-Client Relations as a Model of
Structuring Social Exchange. Comparative Studies in Society and History 22:42-77.
FAVARO, Orietta and Mario BUCCIARELLI. (1994) Efectos de la Privatización de YPF: La
Desegragacion Territorial del Espacio Neuquino Realidad Económica 127: 88-99.
FAVARO, Orietta; Mario BUCCIARELLI and Graciela LUOMO. (1997) La Conflictividad
Social en Neuquén: El Movimiento Cutralquense y los Nuevos Sujetos Sociales.
Realidad Economica 148: 13-27.
GAY, Robert. (1990) Community Organization and Clientelist Politics in Contemporary
Brazil: a case study from suburban Rio de Janeiro. International Journal of Urban
and Regional Research 14:648-666.
. (1994) Popular Organization and Democracy in Rio do Janeiro: A Tale of Two
Favelas. Philadelphia. Temple University Press.
. (1998) Rethinking Clientelism: Demands, Discourses and Practices in Contemporary Brazil. European Review of Latin American and Carribean Studies. 65:7-24.
GIARRACCA, Norma (ed.). (2001) La Protesta Social en la Argentina: Transformaciones
económicas y crisis social en el interior del país. Alianza Editorial, Buenos Aires.
GIRAUDY, Agustina. (2007) The Distributive Politics of Emergency Employment Programs in Argentina. Latin American Research Review 42.2. 33-55.
GRIMSON, Alejandro; Pablo LAPEGNA; Nahuel LEVAGGI; Gabriela POLISCHER and Paula
VARELA. (2003) La vida organizacional en barrios populares de Buenos Aires. Informe Etnografico Working Paper Series 02, Austin, TX, Center for the Study of
Urbanization and Internal Migration in Developing Countries.
GUNST, Laurie. (1995) Born FiDead: A Journey Through the Jamaican Posse Underworld. Henry Holt & Co.
GUTERBOCK, Thomas M. (1980) Machine Politics in Transition: Party and Community
in Chicago. Chicago, University Of Chicago Press.
HEANEY, Michael T. and Fabio ROJAS. (2006) The Place of Framing: Multiple Audiences and Antiwar Protests near Fort Bragg. Qualitative Sociology 29:485-505.
HELMKE, Gretchen and Stephen LEVITSKY (eds.). (2004) Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics. Perspectives in Politics. 2:725-740.
HOLZNER, Claudio. (2004) The End of Clientelism? Strong and Weak Networks in a
Mexican Squatter Movement. 9(3)223-240.
INDEC (Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas y Censos). 2003. Encuesta Permanente de
Hogares. Buenos Aires, INDEC.
JENKINS, Craig. (1983) Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements. Annual Review of Sociology 9:527-553.
JOHNSTON, Hank and Paul ALMEIDA (eds.). (2006) Latin American Social Movements:
Globalization, Democratization, and Transnational Networks. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
KALYVAS, Stathis N. (2003) The Ontology of Political Violence: Action and Identity
in Civil Wars. Perspectives on Politics 1:475-494.
KERKVLIET, Ben T. (2005) The Power of Everyday Politics: How Vietnamese Peasants
Transformed National Policy. Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
KITSCHELT, Herbert and Steven I. WILKINSON, eds. (2007) Patrons, Clients and Policies:
Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition. New York, Cambridge University Press.
KNOKE, David. (1990) Political Networks: The Structural Perspective. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
LAZAR, Sian. (2008) El Alto, Rebel City. Self and Citizenship in Andean Bolivia. Durham
and London, Duke University Press.
LEMARCHAND, Rene. (1981) Comparative political clientelism: structure, process and
optic in S. N. EISENTADT and R. LEMARCHAND (eds.) Political Clientelism, Patronage and Development. London, Sage, pp. 7-32.
LEVITSKY, Steve. (2003) Transforming Labor-Based Parties in Latin America: Argentine
Peronism in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
LEVITSKY, Steve and Lucan A. WAY. 2007. Linkage, Leverage and the Post-Communist
Divide East European Politics and Societies 27, Nº 21: 48-66.
LÓPEZ MAYA, Margarita and Luis LANDER. (2006) Popular Protests in Venezuela: Novelties and Continuities. In JOHNSTON, Hank and Paul ALMEIDA (eds.). (2006) Latin
American Social Movements: Globalization, Democratization, and Transnational
Networks. Lanham, MD, Rowman and Littlefield.
MCADAM, Doug. (1985) Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency,
-1970. Chicago, University Of Chicago Press.
MCADAM, Doug, Sidney TARROW, and Charles TILLY. (2001) Dynamics of Contention
City, Cambridge University Press.
. (2008) Methods for Measuring Mechanisms of Contention. Forthcoming Qualitative Sociology.
MCADAM, Doug and Roberto FERNÁNDEZ. (1990) Microstructural Bases of Recruitment
to Social Movements. Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change 12:1-
MCCARTHY, John D. and Mayer ZALD. (1977) Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory. American Journal of Sociology 82:1212.
MERTON, Robert K. (1949) Social Theory and Social Structure. The Free Press of
Glencoe.
MISCHE, Ann. (2003) Cross-talk in Movements: Reconceiving the Culture-Network
Link. in Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action edited by M. Diani and D. McAdam. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
MORRIS, Aldon. (1984) The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities
Organizing for Change. Free Press.
OLIVER, Pamela. (1984) If You Dont Do it, Nobody Else Will: Active and Token
Contributors to Local Collective Action. American Sociological Review 49:601-
OSA, M. (1997) Creating Solidarity: the Religious Foundations of the Polish Social
Movement. East European Politics and Societies 11:339-356.
. (2003) Solidarity and Contention: Networks of Polish Opposition Minnesota:
University of Minnesota Press.
PASSY, Florence. (2003) Social Networks Matter. But How? in Social Movements and
Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action edited by M. Diani and D.
McAdam. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
PATTERSON, Orlando. The Roots of Conflict in Jamaica. The New York Times, January
Online edition. Accessed May 1, 2008.
PIVEN, Frances Fox and Richard A. CLOWARD. (1979) Poor Peoples Movements: Why
They Succeed, How They Fail. New York, Random House.
PUTNAM, Robert; R. LEONARDI and R. Y. NANETTI. (1993) Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
PITT-RIVERS, Julian Alfred. (1954) The people of the Sierra. New York: Criterion Books.
QUIRÓS, Julieta. (2006) Cruzando la Sarmiento. Los piqueteros en la trama social del
sur del Gran Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, IDES.
ROCK, David. (1972) Machine Politics in Buenos Aires and the Argentine Radical Party, 1912-1930. Journal of Latin American Studies 4:233-256.
. (1975) Politics in Argentina, 1890-1930: The Rise and Fall of Radicalism.
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
ROLDAN, Mary. (2002) Blood and Fire: La Violencia in Antioquia, Colombia, 1946-
Durham, Duke University Press.
RONIGER, Luis. (1990) Hierarchy and trust in modern Mexico and Brazil. New York,
Praeger.
RONIGER, Luis and Ayse GÜNES-AYATA. (1994) Democracy, Clientelism, and Civil Society: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
RUTTEN, Rosanne. (2007) Losing Face in Philippine Labor Confrontations: How Shame
May Inhibit Worker Activism. in New Perspectives in Political Ethnography, edited
by Joseph LAUREN; Matthew MAHLER and Javier AUYERO. New York, Springer.
SANCHEZ, Pilar. (1997) El Cutralcazo: La Pueblada de Cutral Co y Plaza Huincul. Buenos Aires, Cuadernos de Editorial Agora.
SCHEDLER, A. (2004) El Voto es Nuestro. Cómo los ciudadanos mexicanos perciben el
clientelismo electoral. Revista Mexicana de Sociología 66:57-97.
SCHNEIDER, A. and R. ZUNIGA-HAMLIN. (2005) A Strategic Approach to Rights: Lessons
from Clientelism in Rural Peru. Development Policy Review 23:567-584.
SHEFNER, Jon; George PASDIRTZ and Cory BLAD. (2006) Austerity protests and Immiserating Growth in Mexico and Argentina. Latin American Social Movements: Globalization, Democratization, and Transnational Networks. Lanham, MD: Rowman and
Littlefield:19-42.
SCHMIDT, Steffen W. (1974) La Violencia Revisited: The Clientelist Bases of Political
Violence in Colombia. Journal of Latin American Studies 6:97-111.
SCHMIDT, Steffen. (1977) The Transformation of Clientelism in Rural Colombia. In
Steffen W. SCHMIDT; Laura GUASTI; Carl LANDÉ and James C. SCOTT. Friends, Followers and Factions. A Reader in Political Clientelism. Los Angeles, University of
California Press.
SCOTT, James C. (1977a) Political Clientelism: A Bibliographical Essay. In Steffen W.
SCHMIDT; Laura GUASTI; Carl LANDÉ and James C. SCOTT. Friends, Followers and
Factions. A Reader in Political Clientelism. Los Angeles, University of California
Press. 483-505.
. (1977b) Patronage or Exploitation? in Patrons and clients in Mediterranean
societies. Duckworth. Edited by E. Gellner and J. Waterbury.
. (1990) Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. Yale University Press.
SCOTT, J. C. and B. J. KERKVLIET. (1977) How Traditional Rural Patrons Lose Legitimacy (in Southeast Asia). pp. 483-507 in Friends, Followers, and Factions: A Reader in Political Clientelism, edited by S. Schmidt. Berkeley, CA, University of California Press.
SILVERMAN, Sydel. (1965) Patronage and Community-Nation Relationships in Central
Italy. Ethnology 4:172-189.
SIMMEL, Georg. (1971) On Individuality and Social Forms. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
SMILDE, David. (2008) The Social Structure of Hugo Chavez. Contexts 7:38-43.
SNOW, David and Robert BENFORD. (1992) Master Frames and Cycles of Protest 133-
In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory: Edited by Aldon D. MORRIS and Carol
MCCLURG MUELLER. New York, Yale University Press.
SNOW, David; E. B. ROCHFORD Jr.; S. K. WORDEN and R. D. BENFORD. (1986) Frame
Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation. American
Sociological Review 51:464-481.
SNOW, David; S. A. SOULE and H. KRIESI. (2004) The Blackwell Companion to Social
Movements. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing.
STEINBERG, Mark. (1998) Tilting the frame: Considerations on collective action framing from a discursive turn. Theory and Society 27:845-872.
. (1999) The Talk and Back Talk of Collective Action: A Dialogic Analysis of
Repertoires of Discourse among Nineteenth-Century English Cotton Spinners.
American Journal of Sociology 105:736-80.
STOKES, Susan. (2005) Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics
with Evidence from Argentina. American Political Science Review 99(3): 315-325.
SVAMPA, Maristella and Sebastián PEREYRA. (2003) Entre la ruta y el barrio: La experiencia de las organizaciones piqueteras. Buenos Aires, Editorial Biblos.
TASSO, Alberto. (1999) Sistema patronal: Dominación y poder en el noroeste argentino
Unpublished Manuscript.
TAYLOR, Vera, and Nancy WHITTIER. (1995) Analytical Approaches to Social Movement Culture: The Culture of the Womens Movement. Social Movements and Culture:163-187.
TILLY, Charles. (1986) The Contentious French. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
. (1992) How to Detect, Describe, and Explain Repertoires of Contention. Center for Studies of Social Change Working Paper Series 150.
. (1995) Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834. Harvard, Harvard University Press.
. (2006) Regimes and Repertoires. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
TILLY, Charles. (2007) Democracy. New York, Cambridge University Press.
TILLY, Charles and Sidney TARROW. (2006) Contentious Politics. Paradigm Publishers,
Boulder.
THOMPSON, E. P. (1993) Customs in Common. New York, The New Press.
TOSONI, Magdalena. (2007) Notas sobre el clientelismo político en la ciudad de México. Perfiles Latinoamericanos 29:47-69.
WALSH, E. J. (1981) Resource Mobilization and Citizen Protest in Communities around
Three Mile Island. Social Problems 29:1-21.
WEITZ-SHAPIRO, R. (2006) Partisanship and Protest: The Politics of Workfare Distribution in Argentina. Latin American Research Review 41:122-147.
WILKINSON, Steven Explaining Changing Patterns of Party-voter Linkages in India in
KITSCHELT, H. and S. WILKINSON. (2007) Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of
Democratic Accountability and Political Competition. Cambridge University Press,
pp. 110-140.
YOUNG, Gerardo. (2002) La trama política de los saqueos Clarín Digital, December 19.
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2015 Studia Politicæ
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
