El pueblo plebeyo populista: Ciudadanos de segunda clase y la lógica refundacional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22529/Keywords:
Republicanismo plebeyo, Populismo, Nacionalismo, Laclau, RancièreAbstract
Las definiciones de populismo más usadas en la literatura especializada han surgido desde un marco académico predominantemente europeo y tienden a la abstracción, separando el concepto de las condiciones históricas y materiales en las que este se ha sido utilizado. Las teorías formales que tratan de explicar el populismo han llevado a un “estiramiento conceptual” que ha disminuido la capacidad explicativa del concepto. Aunque la teoría populista de Ernesto Laclau hunde sus raíces en la experiencia populista argentina, esta no escapa a las abstracciones que han profundizado en la ambigüedad del concepto. En este ensayo destacaré dos problemas de la concepción discursiva del populismo expuesta en La razón populista (2005): que no nos permite distinguir entre populismo y etnonacionalismo, ni determinar si la política populista es emancipadora u opresiva. Estas distinciones no son solo semánticas, sino que son de central importancia para entender a cabalidad el fenómeno populista contemporáneo en sus distintas variaciones. A través de un enfoque republicano radical, doy un fundamento teórico para separar efectivamente al sujeto popular del populismo de las concepciones del pueblo basadas en la etnicidad. Apoyándome en la teoría de la política como desacuerdo emancipatorio de Jacques Rancière y en la teoría del sujeto plebeyo como ciudadano de segunda clase de Jeffrey Green, argumento que, visto desde una perspectiva histórica y material, el pueblo del populismo se construye a partir de una identidad plebeya basada en la clase, que es igualitaria e inclusiva, construida desde una posición de no-gobierno, en resistencia al orden oligárquico opresor. Esta concepción plebeya del pueblo contrasta con la concepción étnico-nacionalista articulada por movimientos y partidos de extrema derecha, enfocada en restaurar valores tradicionales, asignar membresía y defender fronteras, excluyendo a los “otros,” quienes no pertenecen al pueblo-nación, de sus derechos.Downloads
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