Caracterización de micelas de gangliósidos modificadas con moléculas de reconocimiento celular como estrategia de direccionamiento de fármacos
Mots-clés :
gangliósidos, micelas, ligandos, funcionalización, direccionamiento activo, terapia del cáncerRésumé
Una de las estrategias terapéuticas actuales contra el cáncer está orientada a mejorar la efectividad de los fármacos anticancerígenos existentes mediante el desarrollo de sistemas innovadores de transporte [13,14] que permitan modificar las características farmacocinéticas y de biodistribución de los principios activos. En esta línea, recientemente desarrollamos una nanoestructura micelar compuesta por monosialoglicoesfingolípidos (GM1) capaces de transportar fármacos hidrofóbicos (Ptx) y anfipáticos (Doxo) con alta eficiencia [80,81]. En este trabajo se planteó modificar estas micelas mediante la incorporación de una molécula de reconocimiento celular, con el objetivo de focalizar la acción citotóxica del fármaco vehiculizado hacia las células tumorales. Se evaluó la incorporación de moléculas de reconocimiento celular como el ácido fólico, anticuerpos, espermidina y lipoproteínas en las micelas de GM1, se caracterizaron las estructuras resultantes y se determinó la actividad farmacológica de las micelas modificadas. Algunas de las estructuras obtenidas, como GM1-espermidina y GM1-LDL mostraron diferencias significativas respecto a las micelas de GM1 en la internalización de fármacos frente a líneas tumorales in vitro. En el caso de GM1-IgG, si bien los resultados de actividad biológica in vitro de los fármacos vehiculizados no mostraron diferencias respecto al efecto de los mismos fármacos transportados en micelas de GM1 sin anticuerpos, se demostró que los anticuerpos forman complejos estables con las micelas, mantienen su capacidad de reconocimiento específico y no son desplazados por otras proteínas plasmáticas. Esto permite proponer al complejo GM1-IgG/fármaco como un sistema mixto, en el cual se puede combinar la acción efectora de los anticuerpos con el efecto biológico de los fármacos. Finalmente, se demostró que moléculas pequeñas como el ácido Fólico (AF) pueden ser incorporadas en la estructura micelar aplicando diferentes estrategias. En las condiciones evaluadas, las micelas modificadas con AF no revelaron diferencias significativas de actividad respecto a las micelas de GM1 frente a células tumorales RF positivas. El conjunto de resultados presentados en este trabajo nos permiten concluir que es posible modificar las micelas de GM1 con moléculas de reconocimiento celular de diferente naturaleza, posibilitando el diseño de micelas funcionales con características adecuadas para aplicaciones farmacológicas.Téléchargements
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