Insecticida natural para el control de Musca doméstica en base a aceites esenciales y sus componentes.
Keywords:
insecticida natural, mosca doméstica, aceites esenciales, terpenos, productos naturalesAbstract
Se estudió la composición de 30 aceites esenciales (AEs), obtenidos por hidrodestilación de plantas usadas como alimentos, condimentos o con fines medicinales. Ellos fueron analizados por cromatografía de gases con detector de espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Se investigó la actividad insecticida de cada aceite contra moscas domésticas, (Musca domestica) y se determinó la dosis necesaria para matar el 50% de las moscas (DL50) en 30 minutos. El AE de Minthostachys verticillata fue el de mayor poder insecticida, seguido en eficacia por el AE de Hedeoma multiflora, Citrus sinensis, Citrus aurantium y Eucalyptus cinerea. También se determinó la DL50 de 20 terpenos (Ts), componentes mayoritarios de los AEs estudiados. Entre los Ts, (4R)-(+)-pulegona, 1,8 cineol, -terpineno y (4R)(+)-limoneno, resultaron ser los más activos contra M. domestica. Se seleccionaron los AEs de M. verticillata, C. sinensis y E. cinerea y sus respectivos Ts mayoritarios (4R)-(+)-pulegona, (4R)(+)-limoneno y 1,8-cineol, como los más promisorios para el desarrollo de un fumigante debido a sus bajas dosis letal 50 (DL50). Se estudió la influencia de la quiralidad en la actividad insecticida de algunos Ts. Los AEs que contenían limoneno y los que contenían pulegona, como componente principal fueron analizados por CG-MS con una columna quiral. En ambos casos los isómeros detectados fueron (4R)(+)-limoneno y (4R)(+)-pulegona. Se calcularon los tiempos letales 50, (TL50) de los AEs y los Ts mayoritarios, para evaluar su efectividad como insecticida. El menor tiempo lo mostró el AE de M. verticillata, seguida por el AE de H. multiflora y de C. sinensis. Se realizaron mezclas entre AEs y luego mezclas entre sus Ts mayoritarios, midiendo el sinergismo entre ellas. Los resultados obtenidos fueron satisfactorios en las mezclas de M. verticillata / C. sinensis; E. cinerea / C. sinensis y la mezcla de M. verticillata / E. cinerea. Se realizaron bioensayos en un sistema abierto con 100 moscas, logrando resultados muy alentadores con una formulación a base de los AEs de M. verticillata y C. sinensis, con la muerte del 75% de individuos, a los 10 minutos de la fumigación. En un análisis preliminar, los costos de producción de los formulados serían factibles económicamente.Downloads
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