China and Argentina in the Energetic Transition: trade, politic and economic diplomacy in Renewable Energies (2011-2023)

Abstract

In the context of China's consolidation as a major global power, its foreign policy has become more active and assertive, using economic diplomacy as one of the central tools in its international integration strategy. Within this framework, the global energy transition is considered a priority in Beijing’s modernization process, driving the expansion of Chinese investments in infrastructure and renewable energy worldwide and positioning China as a key player in the reconfiguration of the energy market. Latin America, characterized by its abundance of natural and energy resources, has emerged as a strategic partner in Beijing’s agenda, establishing an asymmetrical relationship of complementarity based on the supply of raw materials and critical minerals essential for China's industrial development. This article analyzes China's role in Argentina's energy transition between 2011 and 2023, considering the dynamics of trade, financing and investment in renewable energy and lithium mining, and examining the evolution of bilateral relations under the governments of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Mauricio Macri and Alberto Fernández. It is argued that, despite the changes in ideological orientation between governments, a State policy towards China has been consolidated, reflected in the deepening of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership and the adherence to the Belt and Road Initiative. It also highlights the growing role of provincial governments as key actors in the articulation of energy agendas with China, although their negotiating capacity continues to be conditioned by the geopolitical context and the orientation of national foreign policy. Finally, a question is raised about the future of these links in the new political scenario opened after the election of Javier Milei, whose strategy of alignment with the United States could alter the course of Sino-Argentine energy cooperation.